King’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) awarded Carmichael a scholarship designed to support arrested students, and he continued his studies at Howard. When the freedom riders traveled to Mississippi, Carmichael was arrested for the first time. In addition to working against segregation in Washington, D.C., Carmichael traveled south on the Freedom Rides. In 1960, as a senior in high school, Carmichael learned about the sit-in movement for desegregation in the South and joined activists from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) protesting in New York against Woolworth stores, a chain that maintained segregated lunch counters in the South.Ĭarmichael enrolled as a philosophy major at Howard University in 1960 and joined the university’s Nonviolent Action Group, which was affiliated with SNCC. Carmichael attended the elite Bronx High School of Science, where he met veteran black radicals and Communist activists. He moved to New York when he was 11, joining his parents, who had settled there 9 years earlier. Bob Fitch photography archive, © Stanford University LibrariesĪs chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Stokely Carmichael challenged the philosophy of nonviolence and interracial alliances that had come to define the modern civil rights movement, calling instead for “ Black Power.” Although critical of the “Black Power” slogan, King acknowledged that “if Stokely Carmichael now says that nonviolence is irrelevant, it is because he, as a dedicated veteran of many battles, has seen with his own eyes the most brutal white violence against Negroes and white civil rights workers, and he has seen it go unpunished” (King, 33–34).Ĭarmichael was born on 29 June 1941 in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad.
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